Japan Proposes Amendments to Supervisory Guidelines Concerning Reinsurance

Executive Summary

What’s new: The Japanese Financial Services Agency has proposed amendments to its supervisory guidelines for insurance companies, adding new provisions targeting reinsurance, with a particular focus on asset-intensive reinsurance.
Why it matters: These are significant developments for reinsurers with cedents in Japan as well as global asset managers with investments in insurance and reinsurance platforms, including private equity-affiliated reinsurers active in Japan’s funded reinsurance market.
What to do next: Market participants should consider reviewing the proposed amendments and assessing the impact on their transaction structuring, stress testing and risk management frameworks.

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On April 8, 2026, the Japanese Financial Services Agency (JFSA) published a proposed amendment to its Comprehensive Guidelines for Supervision of Insurance Companies, adding new provisions specifically targeting reinsurance.¹ The public consultation period runs until May 11, 2026, after which the amendment will be finalised.

Background

In recent years, Japanese life insurers have increasingly utilised reinsurance for risk transfer and to leverage reinsurers’ investment capabilities. The JFSA’s proposed amendments are designed to strengthen existing supervisory standards in light of this trend, with a particular focus on asset-intensive reinsurance (including funds withheld arrangements).

See Annex A below for contextual information on Japan’s reinsurance landscape.

Key Amendments

Reserve credit. The proposed amendments clarify the criteria for determining whether a cedent may benefit from reserve credit (i.e., reduce its policy reserves for liabilities ceded under a reinsurance agreement). Under the new provisions, the JFSA will require a comprehensive, substance-focused evaluation of the contract structure of the reinsurance, its economic reality and where the transferred risk ultimately resides. This assessment should be comprehensive and not just based on the presence or absence of formal clauses. Factors to be considered include:
- Whether there is a risk the economic value attributable to the cedent’s share (e.g., reinsurance proceeds under the reinsurance contract) could be impaired due to the structure of the contract or the discretion of the reinsurer.
- Whether the contract structure requires the cedent to compensate for insurance events due to a higher incidence or otherwise and effectively returns the risk to the cedent.
- Whether the reinsurer has discretion to terminate or trigger recapture at certain points of time or upon certain trigger events.
- Whether the transfer of asset management risk is significant, whether segregation of the assets is effective, whether by collateralisation or trust arrangements.
- Whether the frequency of settlement is reduced or the payment period for reinsurance proceeds is extended causing delays (e.g., exceeding 90 days) that undermine the promptness of collection.
- For reinsurance that has a primary purpose to finance new business strain (i.e., the upfront costs of writing for new business), does this amount to appropriate risk transfer?
Stress testing for asset-intensive reinsurance. To enhance stress testing, the proposed amendments add a new requirement for insurers engaging in asset-intensive reinsurance (including funds withheld arrangements) to incorporate scenarios involving simultaneous recaptures and reinsurer failures across multiple counterparties due to changes in economic environment, together with the resulting effects on the insurer’s solvency margin ratio and overall financial conditions (including the impact of asset rebalancing and reestablishing policy reserves). The proposed stress testing and policy requirements surrounding recapture requirements suggest some parallels with the existing funded reinsurance requirements from the UK Prudential Regulatory Authority (PRA). It is notable that the JFSA did not wait for the imminent updated position from the PRA on this topic, which is due out during the current second quarter of 2026.
Risk management. The proposed amendments substantially expand the risk management requirements for reinsurance, especially for asset-intensive reinsurance, including assessment of reinsurer’s soundness, investment management performance and risk management system, exposure concentration controls, adherence to retention limits, collateral standards, preparedness for recapture, management of conflicts of interest where investment funds or other third parties are involved in the reinsurance, and due diligence in respect of reinsurer selection (including financial condition, track record, ability to manage transferred risks and correlation with the reinsurers’ other exposures). A high-level summary of those newly introduced requirements is included in Annex B. This may be expected to manifest itself in the form of more extensive due diligence requests from cedents.

Relevance of These New Reforms

These regulatory developments are of particular significance to reinsurers with cedents in Japan, as well as global asset managers with investments in insurance and reinsurance platforms.

Private equity-affiliated reinsurers have been among the most active participants in Japan’s growing funded reinsurance market, leveraging their investment capabilities to partner with Japanese life insurers seeking to transfer interest rate risk and improve their economic solvency ratios (ESRs) ahead of the new ESR framework taking effect. The JFSA’s proposed amendments directly target this business model:

The enhanced reserve credit criteria will require careful structuring of transactions to ensure cedents can achieve the desired balance sheet treatment.
The new stress testing requirements — mandating scenarios involving simultaneous recaptures and reinsurer insolvencies across multiple counterparties — may affect the commercial terms and capital commitments that reinsurers can offer.
The expanded risk management provisions, including specific requirements around conflicts of interest where investment funds or other third parties are involved in the reinsurance, appear to contemplate the private equity-affiliated reinsurer model explicitly.

Market participants should also note that the JFSA’s approach to stress testing shows parallels with the UK PRA’s existing funded reinsurance requirements, suggesting a trend towards international regulatory convergence in this space. The reserve credit requirements in the new legislation also suggest similarities with risk transfer requirements in the US. A key question in this light will be whether reserve credit will require meeting a specific set of criteria, as is the case in the US, or will still remain subject to JFSA discretion.

While the Japanese market represents a significant growth opportunity given the substantial legacy liabilities held by domestic life insurers, these proposed amendments signal that participants in the Japanese market need to demonstrate robust governance, risk management frameworks and transparent investment practices to maintain access to this market and sufficiently favorable capital treatment of their proposed risk mitigation techniques.

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Annex A: The Reinsurance Landscape in Japan

Asset-intensive reinsurance, also known as funded reinsurance, is gaining significant traction in Japan primarily due to the new economic-value-based solvency regulations that have been introduced for reporting for fiscal years ended 31 March 2026 onwards.²

Under the new framework, insurers’ Economic-Value-Based Solvency Ratio (ESR) is calculated by assessing assets and liabilities on an economic value basis — a metric that can be profoundly affected by interest rate fluctuations, particularly for insurers holding legacy blocks of contracts with high long-term guaranteed rates. Japanese life insurers have been entering into reinsurance agreements with overseas reinsurers to transfer interest rate risk and improve their anticipated ESR amidst these regulatory changes.

Notably, reinsurers affiliated with private equity funds have been particularly active in this space, leveraging their investment capabilities to develop insurance products with higher projected interest rates. The JFSA signaled awareness of this trend in its July 2025 Annual Report on Insurance Monitoring, stating that “a certain volume of life reinsurance transactions are conducted by Japanese LIs” and announcing that the agency planned to “strengthen its risk-based monitoring of life reinsurance as well as enhancing proactive cooperation with other supervisors.” This regulatory attention underscores both the growing significance of funded reinsurance in the Japanese market and the heightened scrutiny it is likely to attract.

Annex B: New Risk Management Requirements for Asset-Intensive Reinsurance

The following is a high-level summary of the newly added provisions regarding risk management that are proposed in the amendments to the Comprehensive Guidelines for Supervision of Insurance Companies as applicable to asset-intensive reinsurance. The following summary is supplemental to and does not include the existing requirements.

Retention, Ceding Policy and Reinsurer Selection

Analyse risk-return profile based on risk appetite.
For large-scale, long-term asset-intensive reinsurance: Conduct thorough analysis of financial soundness, status of asset management, and risk management framework of reinsurers; conduct impact analyses and consider countermeasures in case of recapture; and establish governance framework to ensure financial soundness and protect policyholders.
Establish standards regarding financial soundness of reinsurers that allow understanding of risk characteristics — including the relationship between financial markets and reinsurer soundness — without excessive reliance on external ratings or solvency margin ratios.
Establish concentration standards by reinsurer attributes, jurisdictions and individual reinsurers.
For reinsurers primarily underwriting asset-intensive reinsurance: Ensure standards account for investment management characteristics, liquidity and group structure.
Establish management controls (including upper limits, diversification and collateral effectiveness) that consider risk amplification from increased correlation during market disruptions.
When collateral is established for asset-intensive reinsurance: Consider possibility of collateral value impairment during financial market turmoil when calculating exposure.

Collateral Policy Requirements

Establish comprehensive collateral standards including soundness, liquidity, diversification, clear investment guidelines, bankruptcy isolation and periodic monitoring.
Include framework for prompt countermeasures when predefined triggers are met.
Verify reinsurer replenishment capacity and assess collateral recoverability in crisis situations.
Establish collateral withdrawal procedures and timelines upon recapture triggers.
Confirm legal effectiveness of cross-jurisdictional contracts (priority rights, governing law, dispute resolution, enforceability).
Regularly assess reinsurer’s liquidity indicators, funding capacity, and asset and liability structure, and monitor impact of deteriorating liquidity on recovery of collateral.

Recapture Policy Requirements

Establish systems granting early recapture rights based on predefined triggers if reinsurer financial condition deteriorates.
Ensure asset recovery mechanisms even upon reinsurer insolvency (e.g., bankruptcy isolation, asset-retention-type reinsurance structures).
Consider restrictions on creditworthiness, liquidity and type of returned assets in case of recapture, reflecting the need for post-recapture management and rebalancing.
Establish systems and procedures to implement countermeasures without delay when trigger events occur.

Conflict of Interest, Counterparty Risk and Total Exposure Management

Retention and ceding policies include standards regarding counterparty risk, in addition to existing policies regarding retention limits for individual risk units and aggregated risk units, financial soundness of reinsurers and management of concentration risk with individual reinsurers.
Establish conflict of interest standards for intragroup transactions, commissions, asset management and other factors where reinsurer interests may be prioritised over policyholders, including transactions in which investment funds or other third parties are involved (such as reinsurance companies that have an asset management company within the same group).
Set upper limits on total reinsurance exposure, considering concentration, correlation and simultaneous deterioration scenarios.

Contract Entry and Monitoring

Conduct comprehensive reinsurer evaluation (financial condition, track record, risk management ability, correlation with cedent’s other exposures) before entering contracts.
Terms and conditions of reinsurance contracts (including recapture and collateral) are appropriate in light of cedent’s retention and ceding policies.
For contracts covering future new business: Appropriately manage premium rates, contract terms and ceded business volume, considering possibility of future recapture.
Clearly stipulate cedent’s information rights such as regular and ad hoc reporting requirements, prior notification and approval of material events, and disclosure of collateral details.
Monitor collateral asset status regularly.
Monitor reinsurer soundness, asset portfolio and financial market trends.
If reinsurer utilises retrocession: Gather information and monitor retrocession providers.
Formulate crisis response plans including collateral recovery procedures.
Appropriately establish and operate internal controls to prevent operational risks such as clerical errors in connection with administrative procedures related to reinsurance contracts.

Groupwide Risk Management

Establish groupwide frameworks addressing reinsurer insolvency response.
Address concentration and correlation risks when multiple group companies cede to the same reinsurers.
Consider impact on the entire group under stress scenarios (simultaneous reinsurer deterioration, collateral impairment, occurrence of recapture).

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1 See the JFSA website (in Japanese).

2 See further details in chapter 3 of our Encyclopaedia of Prudential Solvency.

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